Retraction & Correction Policy

The journal is committed to maintaining the integrity and reliability of the scholarly record. Corrections, retractions, or editorial statements are issued when necessary to address significant errors, ethical breaches, or concerns affecting the validity of published work.

Corrections are issued when an honest error is identified that does not compromise the overall scientific integrity of the article. These may include typographical mistakes, minor data inaccuracies, author affiliation updates, or clarifications. Corrections are published as a separate notice and linked to the original article.

Retractions are issued when published findings are proven unreliable due to misconduct (such as data fabrication, manipulation, plagiarism, or unethical research practices) or unintentional major errors that invalidate the results. Retraction notices clearly state the reason for the action and remain permanently linked to the original publication, which is not removed from the journal archive.

Editorial Expressions of Concern may be published when there is inconclusive evidence of misconduct or unresolved investigative processes.

All corrective actions follow best practices recommended by COPE and are carried out transparently to safeguard the credibility of the scholarly record.